The Search for Redemption in the Kite Runner and Secret...

The search for Redemption In a lifetime one will face many battles and deal with guilt as said â€Å"nearly all men can stand adversity, but if you want to test a man’s character give him power† (Abraham Lincoln). Guilt from deceiving others or other immoral acts will result in one constantly searching for redemption. Khalid Hosseni’s novel Kite Runner and Shilpi Somaya Gowda’s novel Secret Daughter revolve around betrayal and redemption. Firstly, the search for personal redemption will strongly influence ones character. Secondly, the bond a child forms with their parents will affect their actions. Lastly, the persistence of the past will cloud one’s ability to redeem their life. Throughout the novel the authors integrated the themes of†¦show more content†¦As both characters’ lives are intertwined with guilt it shapes the decisions they make as Amir sets out to make things right with Hassan, to prove he is not the selfish boy he once was and Kavita need to find forgiveness within herself to be freed of her pain, just like Amir. Next, Amir and Jasu, Kavita’s husband in the novel secret daughter did not just ruin their lives; they destroyed the lives of others around them. Amir making the choice to leave Hassan in the alley set the lives of both characters in the novel â€Å"I could step into that alley, stand up for Hassan the way he stood up for me all those times in the past and accept whatever would happen to me or I could run. In the end, I ran† (Hosseni, 84). Amir’s choice to run later impacted his father’s life as he lost the chance to watch his son Hassan grow up. Just as Jasu, forced Kavita to give up her 2 daughters â€Å"we cannot keep her! †¦she will become a burden to us, a drain on our family!† (Gowda 106-107). Just like Kavita is haunted by not having her daughters with her, it is also disturbing Jasu. He knows what he did was wrong therefore he’s been trying to make up for i t all his life. Both characters go through guilt and shame for the decisions theyShow MoreRelatedThe Kite Runner - Reading Logs7885 Words   |  32 PagesThe Kite Runner Reading logs NV1D Reading Log Task One, Part I. [13.01.12] The author of The Kite Runner, Khaled Hosseini, I think can be portrayed as the protagonist Amir for several reasons one of which is that he himself was born in Kabul, Afghanistan, in 1965. I think that, because of the fact that he was born in Afghanistan, it has contributed to the novel in the aspect of which that the place is not entirely random. Like, if I wrote a book I wouldnt write a story based in perhaps the United

The Joy Luck Club By Amy Tan Essay - 1377 Words

The Joy Luck Club is a novel by Amy Tan which tells the individual, cohesive stories of Chinese American daughters and their Chinese mothers. In each story, the cultural differences between mother and daughter acts as a wedge between them. The conflicting cultures of descent and consent causes a conflict between mother and daughter; although they ultimately want to have a relationship with each other, the differences in values make coming together harder. For the mothers, their expectations for their daughters are high, while the daughters are trying to understand how China fits into their American lives. This conflict between values perpetuates until there is an acceptance of each way of life. The concept of consent and descent is used throughout literature to show tension between cultures. Descent relates to the nation or culture that one or one’s family comes from. Consent shows a relation to the culture that is chosen, even though it may not be the one that someone is born into; consent may also be seen as Americanizing. One’s ethnic identity may be torn between the concepts of consent and descent. The culture of descent may conflict with the culture of consent. The contradictory ideologies might cause an inner struggle because these two components of identity. Within The Joy Luck Club, the Chinese heritage is the culture of descent and the American lifestyle is the culture of consent. The conflict between lifestyles not only created a barrier between Chinese lifestyleShow MoreRelatedThe Joy Luck Club By Amy Tan1192 Words   |  5 Pages(H) The life of women has drastically changed throughout the ages. (CIS) The Joy Luck Club by Amy Tan portrays life in America and in China in the 1930’s for women. (GS1) When stories are true, there is more power behind them. (GS2) Novels need accuracy for the book to have feeling. (GS3) A rave-worthy novel needs truth to really draw the reader in. (thesis) Author Amy Tan accurately portrays life for Chinese women in the 1930’s and it enhances the power of the novel because the stories have trueRead MoreThe Joy Luck Club by Amy Tan963 Words   |  4 PagesThe novel The Joy Luck Club by Amy Tan shows the past and present experiences of several women including An-mei Hsu, the mother of Rose Hsu Jordan. Beginning at a young age, An-mei has to endure many situations. Her grandmother tells her that her mother is a ghost but she comes back to take care of her grandmother when she is ill. Due to the absence of her mother during her childhood years, she tries to be there for Rose as much as possible but is pushed away. An-mei believes she has nengkin, theRead MoreThe Joy Luck Club By Amy Tan Essay913 Words   |  4 PagesThe Joy Luck Club is the first novel by Amy Tan, published in 1989. The Joy Luck Club is about a group of Chinese women that share family stories while they play Mahjong. When the founder of the club, Suyuan Woo, died, her daughter June replaced her place in the meetings. In her first meeting, she finds out that her lost twin sisters were alive in China. Before the death of Suyuan, the other members of the club located the address of June’s half-sisters. After that, they send June to tell her half-sistersRead MoreThe Joy Luck Club By Amy Tan2055 Words   |  9 Pagesopinion. This is the case within the novel The Joy Luck Club by Amy Tan, as the American daughters of the China -born mothers grow up in perpetual disconnect because of their cultural differences. Consequently, the daughters’ view of their mother’s love is distorted. Without a clear comprehension of their mother’s love, which is shown in forms of her words and actions, the daughters are constantly haunted by life’s difficulties. Thus, The Joy Luck Club emphasizes that a bond between a mother and daughterRead MoreThe Joy Luck Club By Amy Tan Essay2289 Words   |  10 Pagesarticle was written by Amy Tan, who is an English major and an author. Tan originally spoke about this topic at a group discussion about her book, The Joy Luck Club and later turned it into an essay for The Threepenny Review. She wrote this article to explain to writers everywhere that there are many different styles of English and that even someone who has majored in English and has published works can speak unconventional English. In â€Å"Mother Tongue† from The WakeTech Reader, Amy Tan (1989) examines theRead MoreThe Joy Luck Club by Amy Tan841 Words   |  3 PagesIn the Joy Luck Club by Amy Tan, tells stories of four Chinese mothers and four Chinese-American daughters and their mother-daughter relationship. The four mothers met in a San Francisco church in 1949. Suyuan Woo, founder of the Joy Luck Club, convinced the other mothers An-Mei Hsu, Lindo Jong, and Yingying St. Clair to join the club. The club would meet every week at one of the mother’s house where they eat food, play mahjong, and brag about their daughters. The Chinese-American daughters tellRead MoreThe Joy Luck Club By Amy Tan930 Words   |  4 PagesMerriam Webster’s dictionary defines sacrifice as â€Å"the act of giving up something that you want to keep especially in order to get or do something else or to help someone†. In Amy Tan’s novel, The Joy Luck Club, a central theme present throughout is sacrifice. This novel depicts the sacrifices made by a group of imm igrant mothers in order for their daughters to have a better life in America. Although the daughters do not realize the reasons behind their mothers motives until their stories and personalRead MoreThe Joy Luck Club By Amy Tan1459 Words   |  6 Pages 12/1/15 JLC FLE First Draft English 8-6 Clear Reflection, of Personality The Joy Luck Club by Amy Tan follows multiple Chinese-American women who struggle with their self-identity and creating a balance between American and Chinese culture. Because of their immigration and many hardships in life, many of the women feel like they cannot trulyRead MoreThe Joy Luck Club By Amy Tan1164 Words   |  5 PagesThe Joy Luck Club by Amy Tan is about four Chinese immigrant mothers and their four daughters, who were born and raised in America. The mothers, through their experiences in China, have attained vast knowledge that they now wish to pass on to their daughters. One mother, An-mei Hsu, wants to pass on her knowledge to her daughter, Rose Hsu Jordan. Rose is worried about her inevitable divorce with her husband, which was caused by her indecisiveness. An-mei hopes that by giving Rose advice, she canRead MoreAmy Tan s The Joy Luck Club1097 Words   |  5 PagesCulture defines humanity. Culture makes humans different than any other living organism ever kno wn. Culture is what makes humans unique, and yet culture is easily the most misunderstood characteristic of individuals. In Amy Tan’s The Joy Luck Club, Amy Tan develops the theme of incomplete cultural understanding leads to an inability to communicate one’s true intentions through juxtaposition and conflict between mothers and daughters and their cultures. The conflicting Chinese culture of the mothers’

The Accounting Cycle Free Essays

In the general point of view, an accounting cycle refers to certain procedures that must be established by every business unit to provide the data to be reported on the financial statements. The accounting process consists of two interrelated parts: the recording phase and the summarizing phase. Although these phases vary in details depending on the nature of the business, the main purpose is just the same – to be able to provide an accurate report containing the firm’s condition and the result of its operation. We will write a custom essay sample on The Accounting Cycle or any similar topic only for you Order Now To clearly illustrate the complete accounting cycle of a finance company, let us take as an example Dann Berns, Inc. The company is engaged in providing business analysis including credit investigation, a thorough study of the company profile, review of the client’s financial statements, and providing an overall rating of the clients, whom we will call as subjects in this example. Among Dann Berns’ subjects include big companies who are applying for accreditation as a distributor of another firm; applicant verification for banks and other financial institutions offering various types of loans, as part of their pre-approval requirements; outsourcing companies and other headhunting firms for hire-right purposes; and others from different industries. To be able to provide the necessary services, Dann Berns is hiring very senior financial professionals for these functions. These professionals are required to have a solid background in finance and accounting as well as the ability to communicate with the top management of different financial institutions. A deep knowledge on financial analysis is highly expected from them. The Operations Department is involved in the main process and is consist of report coordinators, field officers, business analysts, and editors, who are all directly reporting to the vice president. Other departments providing support include marketing, human resources, legal, information technology, accounting and audit. The marketing people are the ones who have direct contact with the subject. They collect and forward the primary documents and other requirements to the operations department through the report coordinators. The report coordinators will then input necessary data for monitoring and assignment of subjects to the business analysts. The editors are responsible in reviewing the work of the business analysts. Their responsibilities include double-checking of the ratings given to the subject, based on their company profile, the result of background checks, outcome of credit investigations made, and the content of their financial statements. Field officers are the ones who do the personal background-checking and other liaison work including but not limited to gathering of pertinent documents from the Securities and Exchange Commission, IRS, Federal Bank and other banks, and other regulatory bodies to authenticate the validity of the papers submitted by the subject. Once the accreditation process is done, the editors will forward the reports back to the report coordinators, who will then issue a list of completed reports per subject to the accounting department for billing purposes. This is the starting point of Dann Berns’ accounting cycle. How to cite The Accounting Cycle, Essay examples

Customer Intimacy and Its Implication in Sales Unit-Free Samples

Question: Explain Customer Intimacy And Its Implication In Sales Unit? Answer: Introduction Strategic business unit (SBU) of the organization Apple Inc. is an essential segment which assists in maintaining the standardization and profitability for the business. This segment significantly comprehends the strategic marketing tools that are required to enhance the strategy of marketing in the organization. In this assignment, the learner has elaborately described the strategic direction and development tools required for sales division unit in the organization. The development tools create a huge impact on this unit; however, it does impact positively which signifies the critical growth of the business in the competitive market. These strategies will significantly help in implementation and planning process in the organization. Customer intimacy and its implication in Sales unit In the business world, there exist 3 core marketing strategies for various business platforms based on different industry. The three strategies in terms of marketing are operational excellence, customer intimacy, and product leaderships. However, for the sales unit of the organization Apple Inc. focuses mainly on customer intimacy. As it is the customer that helps an organization to rise to its peak level by enhancing the profitability in various aspects (Baker, 2014). Hence, satisfying their needs and demand is relevant for gaining success and to stay ahead in the competitive market. The client intimacy strategy concentrates on offering a critical scope of client administrations that considers the personalization of administration and the customization of items to meet varying client needs (Montgomery, Einstman Stepniewski, 2006). Frequently organization like Apple Inc. who seeks after this system marketing strategies focuses critically on the items which are well planned particula rly for the individual client. The fruitful outline of arrangements obliges sellers to have profound client learning and in addition bits of knowledge into their clients' business forms. The arrangements which are offered once in a while, focuses on the least expensive alternative for the client, nor the most creative, yet are viewed as satisfactory (Boone Kurtz, 2013). Client intimacy concentrates on the requirements of the individual client. Customer intimacy strategically can just land through adjusting the item improvement, producing, regulatory capacities and official concentration around the requirements of the individual client. Apple Inc. significantly has a tendency to have a decentralized association which enables them to learn and change rapidly as per clients' needs (Christopher, Payne Ballantyne, 2013). This organization frequently keeps a whole environment of accomplices for the genuine creation and conveyance of items and administrations to their clients. The strategic direction for the organization Apple Inc. in terms of marketing is to provide an adequate solution to its customers and assist them while running their business critically. The sales unit of the organization is effective for forming a great segment in the organization which achieves a direct relation with the customer. This, in turn, helps them to achieve the desired n eed of the target market which helps the organization to stay ahead in comparison with the rival companies. The pricing strategy of the products and services offered by the organization enhances eventually due to the engagement of the sales unit. Hence, customer intimacy is desired in an organization to achieve the desired goal as well as to stay ahead in the market. The sales unit provides an effective system support that helps to measure the cost of delivering product and services to the customer while maintaining the loyalty of the customer. The corporate culture is generally flexible and is completely customer centric. The sales unit has the main advantage of attaining customer information which is crucial in terms of running the business of Apple Inc. more flexible. The managers of the sales unit are effective and have significant boundaries and also assist their subordinates to complete the task at ease which is desired in terms of achieving customer intimacy towards the organization. The team of the sales unit is congenial controlled as well as friendly by sharing information from the higher level to lower for enhancing effective strategy (Czinkota Ronkainen, 2013). The teamwork, trust, and power of the unit are efficient for trusting the members for accomplishing their job role. The sales unit strategies change with the changing needs of the customers; however, in the organization Apple Inc. the underlying strategy is stable which is towards profitability. Hence, the strategy chosen for the organization Apple Inc. is assisting the business growth while satisfying the needs of the customer. Thr ough customer intimacy strategy, the organization will attain ample profit pay off and is feasible with its huge resource platforms; however, with advantages come investment costs as well as a potential risk which the organization critically resolves and moves further (De Mooij, 2013). The sales unit team considerably attains competitive strategic positions in terms of customer intimacy which are both dominant and strong. Through the strategy of customer intimacy, the organizations sales unit controls the strategies and behavior of other competitors which are a significant strength in the target market (Yim, Tse Chan, 2008). The organization Apple Inc. always considers short-term strategies rather than a long term as the strategies mostly depend upon the changing needs of customers. The sales unit always tries to enhance its current position as it has significant strengths and potentials to continue the business while satisfying the needs of customers. The pricing strategy, as well as the products and services produced from the unit, are completely based on the needs of the customers while comparing the pricing strategy of the competitors (McKenzie-Mohr, 2013). This, in turn, helps to attain a significant position in the target market as well as it is profitable f or the organization in every aspect. Hence, the implication of the sales unit of the organization in terms of customer intimacy strategies is significant and will help to grow business widely. Portfolio analysis- Boston Consulting Groups matrix The higher management of the organization Apple Inc. is not dependable for generating strategic alternatives in terms of different products and services in the market for customer intimacy. It completely depends on the business units of the organization. The sales unit of the organization Apple Inc. is significant for generating strategies based on the need of the customers (Zott Amit, 2013). The critical assumption of the BCG or Boston Consulting Group matrix is it helps to analyze the increased market share of the products and services that have been introduced in the market for higher cash generation (Simons, 2013). However, it is evident for the organization Apple Inc. that growing markets do need additional investment. By attaining slower business growth, the organization can gather the required additional investment. The sales unit in the organization is completely independent of other business unit and implements strategies based on the needs of the target market. The matrix quadrants are named as stars, question marks, cash cows, and dogs. Each of the quadrants signifies each strategy of an organization. The high growth market leaders are typically known as stars. Cash cows are significantly characterized by high market share and low growth. Dogs are those who introduce products in low positioned market share as well as poor competitive position (Xue, Ray Sambamurthy, 2013). The sales unit in the organization Apple Inc. can be characterized in the quadrant of question marks. The products and services offered by the unit are significantly customer-centric which enhances the growth market of the product; however, this, in turn, leaves to low share and requires more cash for investment and produces more products. This unit starts at a slow pace but eventually evolves in the market as a star product which flourishes the market as well as gain competitive advantage. The investment characteristics are quite heavy initially ad requires high developmental and research costs to learn about the target market and to gain customer intimacy. The earning characteristics significantly fluctuate based on the need of the target market; sometimes its high and sometimes its low (Turnbull Valla, 2013). The sales unit takes a huge chance to dominate the target market and if everything goes well after introducing the products and service in the target market, it gains huge market share. However, if it does not go as it is planned then a new strategy is redefined which will benefit the organization. The organization does support the sales business unit as this is the only segment which has a direct contact with its customers. Hence, if the market share lowers down due to external factors then the organization develops a strategically plan with sales unit to develop a new strategy which will be profitable for the company in terms of competitive advantage (Shih et al. 2013). The sales unit critically develops the strategy based on the market size and market position which benefits the organization Apple Inc. in several ways. The portfolio considerations for the organization Apple Inc. depends upon market size, market growth, industry profitability, and cyclicality. This, in turn, assists the sales business unit of the organization to develop the strategy which will be based on the needs of the customers as well as profitable for the organization. Strategic development tools and its benefits Cross-impact analysis This technique helps to analyze the impacts of the products and services that have been introduced in the market by the sales unit team. This analysis is typically done before the implementation of the new product; however, it can be done later too. This analysis helps to learn the potential impact of introducing a product or service in the target market. It determines if the new strategy will create a positive or negative impact on the customers in future events (Biggemann et al. 2013). The taxation laws as well as legislative laws also fall under this and play an integral part in the strategy making practice for the organization Apple Inc. Cross-impact analysis is done by surveying the needs and demands of the target customers which will significantly assist the sales to the team to develop integrated strategies that will benefit both the organization and customers and also will help to attain a competitive advantage in the target market. This technique will also assist in learning the overall competitive strategic position in the target market. The developed strategies will be based on the needs of the customers which will be significantly coordinated both externally and internally. The social and demographic event also helps in learning the how the strategy will create a positive impact in the market. Trend-impact analysis This technique critically helps the strategic business unit of the organization Apple Inc. to demonstrate future trends by gathering the past buying behaviors of the customers and likewise focusing on reinventing new products and services based on enhancing customer intimacy (Khalili Shavarini et al. 2013). This analysis benefits the sales to learn the buying behavior of the customers which creates a huge impact on the profitability of the organization. This method is unique from other tools as this technique lies with the combination of the view of customers as well as a statistical method for learning either there will be a potential growth due to the implemented strategy or it will be harmful for the organization and makes it easy for the sales business unit to decide. This tool critically assists the unit to develop a significant strategy that will be profitable for the business and will attain huge market share (Kownatzki et al. 2013). The trend of customers keeps on changing wi th the changing environment and advanced technological growth due to which it becomes tough for organization Apple Inc. to meet the demands of customers while making a profitable business. However, this technique simplifies the problem in a huge way to analyze the needs and demands of customers which make the organization stay ahead in the competitive market. Planning and implementation For strategic marketing, the organization Apple Inc. needs to have strategic planning which must be done effectively by the sales unit of the organization. Without effective marketing, the organization can never achieve the success it desires and flourishes in the market. The members of the sales business unit of the organization must provide quality product and services to fulfill the needs and demands of the customers which will increase customer intimacy (Kumar et al. 2013). For developing an effective plan, the members of the strategic business unit must focus on its customers about their buying behavior, surveying and other efficient measures which will help to form an effective strategy. An effective performance standard has to be attained by the unit for better and effective output. The customers who are the existing part of the organization must be given more priority for creating more awareness among them in terms of the new strategic marketing. Customer intimacy significant ly influences the strategic marketing strategy for the organization Apple Inc. in terms of planning and implementation. The planning must be done before starting the project and the implementation process must be done slowly for making feasible to both customers as well as the members of the sales unit (Law, Ennew Mitussis, 2013). The higher management of the company must initiate a rewarding system for enhancing and motivating the employees of the sales unit for forming innovative and creative strategies that will benefit the organization. The members of the sales unit must be customer centric and should change their strategies based on the views of the potential target customers. The tools that are used for learning the purchasing behavior as well as to learn the trend of future generation from the past record must be analyzed efficiently for the effective result (Leonidou et al. 2013). The previous strategies that have been used by the sales unit for increasing the customer intimacy strategy must be revised again for better forming the new strategies. Customers are one of the important segments of every organization as it is the segment that attains profitability for the organization. Hence, the organization Apple Inc. must focus on its customers for forming effective strategies with the changing demands and needs. Currently, the needs and demands of customers are changing with technological as well as in the competitive ground. For attaining both the factors critically, the organization must focus on understanding the trends of the customers for better output (Nica, 2013). After complete planning and comprehending the trend of the customers, the organizatio n must implement the process strategically to flourish the market as well as to stay ahead in the competitive market. The pricing strategy must be feasible so that each segment of customers based on demographic segmentation can afford the products and services of the organization. Hence, customers intimacy influence the marketing strategically in terms of planning and implementing. Conclusion In this assignment, the learner has elaborately described the strategical marketing of the organization Apple Inc. based on customer intimacy by the sales business unit. Customer intimacy is a core marketing strategy that helps to attain profitability for the organization as well as assist the organization to attain competitive advantage. The tools used for marketing by the sales business unit must be used strategically. The implementation and planning process must be efficient and should be based on the changing customer trend for forming an effective strategy in terms of marketing and should be given the first priority. Reference list Books- Baker, M. J. (2014).Marketing strategy and management. Palgrave Macmillan. Boone, L. E., Kurtz, D. L. (2013).Contemporary marketing. Cengage learning. Christopher, M., Payne, A., Ballantyne, D. (2013).Relationship marketing. Taylor Francis. Czinkota, M. R., Ronkainen, I. A. (2013).International marketing. Cengage Learning. De Mooij, M. (2013).Global marketing and advertising: Understanding cultural paradoxes. Sage Publications. McKenzie-Mohr, D. (2013).Fostering sustainable behavior: An introduction to community-based social marketing. New society publishers. Simons, R. (2013).Levers of control: How managers use innovative control systems to drive strategic renewal. Harvard Business Press. Turnbull, P. W., Valla, J. P. (Eds.). (2013).Strategies for international industrial marketing. Routledge. Journals- Biggemann, S., Kowalkowski, C., Maley, J., Brege, S. (2013). Development and implementation of customer solutions: A study of process dynamics and market shaping.Industrial Marketing Management,42(7), 1083-1092. Khalili Shavarini, S., Salimian, H., Nazemi, J., Alborzi, M. (2013). Operations strategy and business strategy alignment model (case of Iranian industries).International Journal of Operations Production Management,33(9), 1108-1130. Kownatzki, M., Walter, J., Floyd, S. W., Lechner, C. (2013). Corporate control and the speed of strategic business unit decision making.Academy of Management Journal,56(5), 1295-1324. Kumar, V., Bhaskaran, V., Mirchandani, R., Shah, M. (2013). Practice prize winnercreating a measurable social media marketing strategy: increasing the value and ROI of intangibles and tangibles for hokey pokey.Marketing Science,32(2), 194-212. Law, A. K., Ennew, C. T., Mitussis, D. (2013). Adoption of customer relationship management in the service sector and its impact on performance.Journal of Relationship Marketing,12(4), 301-330. Leonidou, L. C., Leonidou, C. N., Fotiadis, T. A., Zeriti, A. (2013). Resources and capabilities as drivers of hotel environmental marketing strategy: Implications for competitive advantage and performance.Tourism Management,35, 94-110. Montgomery, M., Einstman, N., Stepniewski, D. (2006).U.S. Patent Application No. 11/470,224. Nica, E. (2013). Marketing implications of consumer behavior.Economics, Management and Financial Markets,8(1), 124. Shih, B. Y., Chen, C. Y., Chen, Z. S. (2013). An empirical study of an internet marketing strategy for search engine optimization.Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing Service Industries,23(6), 528-540. Xue, L., Ray, G., Sambamurthy, V. (2013). The impact of supply-side electronic integration on customer service performance.Journal of Operations management,31(6), 363-375. Yim, C. K., Tse, D. K., Chan, K. W. (2008). Strengthening customer loyalty through intimacy and passion: Roles of customerfirm affection and customerstaff relationships in services.Journal of marketing research,45(6), 741-756. Zott, C., Amit, R. (2013). The business model: A theoretically anchored robust construct for strategic analysis.Strategic Organization,11(4), 403-411.

The modern world Essay Example For Students

The modern world Essay In his book Language Death, David Crystal starts by looking at the scale of the threat to minority languages. There are debates over the definition of language and estimates of the number of languages vary, but a number somewhere around 6000 is plausible. Perhaps more important is the distribution of speakers: Only 4% of languages are accounting for 96% of people and 25% having fewer than 1000 speakers. There are different ways of classifying danger levels, but there is no doubt that a large number of languages face extinction in the immediate future, while in the longer-term even quite widely spoken languages may be in danger. (see Crystal 2000:10)  According to SIL International (formerly known as the Summer Institute of Linguistics) and The Ethnologue, an online Library on endangered Languages, almost half of the 6800 languages in the world are considered to be critically endangered. That means that parents are no longer teaching the language to their children and are not using it actively in everyday matters (cf The Ethnologue, 20022). We will write a custom essay on The modern world specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In Australia, for example, the vicious circle started by the European colonization. The Western society introduced products, such as food, clothes, means of transport and alcohol, which were new for Indigenous people. Australias Indigenous Languages proved incapable of adapting to this new, western way of life and way of thinking. The development of new technologies, especially in the area of communication, clearly promotes the English language. The English media controlled contemporary life at the expense of Indigenous traditions and languages. The modern world had simply become to fast for Australias Indigenous languages. These factors, which are all directly or indirectly connected with each other, show the high complexity of the process of language loss. The contact with the white people caused the extinction of the formerly strong bond between language, landscape and identity among Aboriginal people. Annette Schmidt, an Australian Linguist, calls this process the downward spiral of reduced language use and loss and describes it the following way:  The downward spiral of reduced language use (Schmidt 1990) Five stages of language Loss  Robert M.W. Dixon, an Australian Linguist has brought some light into the controversial issue of language loss, and tried to answer the question when a language cannot be revived any more. He established a classification of 5 stages of language loss:  STAGE 1: Language X is used as the first language by a full community of hundreds of people and is used in every aspect of their daily lives. Some of these people will also know other languages (another Australian language, or English, or both) but only as a second language. Everyone thinks in language X. STAGE 2: Some people still have X as their first language (and think in it) but for others it is a second language, with English as the preferred medium (and these people may think in English or in a mixture of English and X.) At this stage the language is still maintained in its traditional form, with the original phonetics, grammar and vocabulary (although the second language speakers will not have so wide a vocabulary as traditional speakers). STAGE 3: Only a few old people still have X as their first language. For most of the community, English is the dominant language (which they think in). Some of those with X as a second language may still speak it in a fairly traditional way, but younger people tend to use a simplified form of the language, perhaps putting together words from X in English word order. The original conceptual system of X may have been replaced by the English system. Instead of having separate labels for mothers brother and fathers brother (relations that have a quite different status within the kinship systems of every Australian tribe) they may use one label to cover both kinds of kin this could be a word from X whose meaning has been altered, or just the English uncle. .u7c634f2d7cc5c7c9297286fee5f113d6 , .u7c634f2d7cc5c7c9297286fee5f113d6 .postImageUrl , .u7c634f2d7cc5c7c9297286fee5f113d6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7c634f2d7cc5c7c9297286fee5f113d6 , .u7c634f2d7cc5c7c9297286fee5f113d6:hover , .u7c634f2d7cc5c7c9297286fee5f113d6:visited , .u7c634f2d7cc5c7c9297286fee5f113d6:active { border:0!important; } .u7c634f2d7cc5c7c9297286fee5f113d6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7c634f2d7cc5c7c9297286fee5f113d6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7c634f2d7cc5c7c9297286fee5f113d6:active , .u7c634f2d7cc5c7c9297286fee5f113d6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7c634f2d7cc5c7c9297286fee5f113d6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7c634f2d7cc5c7c9297286fee5f113d6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7c634f2d7cc5c7c9297286fee5f113d6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7c634f2d7cc5c7c9297286fee5f113d6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7c634f2d7cc5c7c9297286fee5f113d6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7c634f2d7cc5c7c9297286fee5f113d6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7c634f2d7cc5c7c9297286fee5f113d6 .u7c634f2d7cc5c7c9297286fee5f113d6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7c634f2d7cc5c7c9297286fee5f113d6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Reaching For Dreams - A Ballet EssaySTAGE 4: Nobody now knows the full, original form of X; no one could fully understand a tape recording made of a traditional speaker on or two generations before. Some members of the community speak a modified version of X, with simplified grammar; at most they will know a few hundred words. Even this is likely to be mixed in amongst English sentences. The younger people speak a variety of English that includes just a few words from X. STAGE 5: Everyone in the community speaks, and thinks, in English. There may be a few words from X still used but these are treated grammatically as if they were English words (with plural -s, past tense -ed, and so on).  When is language loss not reversible anymore?  Again, opinions are divided on the topic of the reversibility of language loss. A reasonable approach is done by Schmidt (1990:106): the likelihood of success in Aboriginal language revival depends very much on how the term is defined. That means that it is better to define the term in a more modest way. Reviving certain words and phrases, and bringing the extinct language to a status, comparable to ancient Greek or Latin could be seen as the best, realistic result. After this set of information about the pessimistic and dull situation of minority languages, one question might arise: What can be done about it? Or even: What can we do about it?  Steve Johnson, an Australian linguist who dealt with endangered Aboriginal languages mainly, distinguishes between four types of Language Revival, for each of them he has a special term:  Language continuation  Here we have a language still being used by and between families for all situations and their daily life. Any maintenance efforts would most likely be aimed at helping this state of affairs to continue. Language renewal  In this situation the language is still fully used by adults, but the children are no longer actively speaking it. A strong effort must be made either to return to a state where children again use the language as their own, or at least acquire it as they become adults, if the speakers want their language to continue in daily use.  Language revival  Very few older people still know the language. It will be necessary to teach adults as well as children if the language is to be spoken again, and to decide where and how it should be used. Language resurrection  All speakers of the language have died. The only source of the language is written or taped material. If it is to come into use again, then it will have to be taught by people who have learnt it second hand from these materials, and the result will almost certainly not be exactly the same as the original language.  The main goal of all efforts in language maintenance and revival is to keep or build up a strong and working transmission link. That means that the language has to be spoken by parents and their children in every situation of their lives. If that transmission link is destroyed, the relationship between children, their clan and their cultural heritage is heavily disturbed. Then, it is almost impossible to rebuild it, at least it would take an enormous amount of time. Joshua A. Fishman claims that all languages independent from the stage in which they are in, can be reversed on the condition that the appropriate measures are taken and the process is given enough time. (Fishman 1991:12)  R.M.W. Dixon (cf 1989:31-33) describes the possibilities in a more realistic way. Although, Fishmans thesis can be seen as basically right, one must not forget that there are limits; limits which are set by reality. Dixon claims that language at Stage 2 of his 5 stages of language loss chart have the greatest and most realistic likelihood to be revived. He proposes measures like full bilingual education, videos recording traditional stories and legends which motivate people to use their Indigenous language more frequently in everyday life. An example could be, trips into the nature, where children get a chance to become familiar with the Indigenous names of plants and animals. In addition, the children get a chance to identify with their cultural heritage.

G.K. Chestertons A Piece of Chalk

G.K. Chesterton's 'A Piece of Chalk' One of the most prolific British authors of the early 20th century, G.K. Chesterton is best known today for his novel The Man Who Was Thursday (1908) and his 51 short stories featuring the amateur detective Father Brown. In addition, he was a master of the essay     called the only literary form that confesses, in its very name, that the rash act known as writing is really a leap in the dark. The word essay comes from the French word essayer, meaning to try or attempt. In the preface to his essay collection Tremendous Trifles (1909), Chesterton encourages us to be ocular athletes: Let us exercise the eye until it learns to see the startling facts that run across the landscape as plain as a painted fence. In this fleeting sketch from that collection, Chesterton relies on two common items brown paper and a piece of chalk as starting points for some thought-provoking meditations. A Piece of Chalk I remember one splendid morning, all blue and silver, in the summer holidays when I reluctantly tore myself away from the task of doing nothing in particular, and put on a hat of some sort and picked up a walking-stick, and put six very bright-colored chalks in my pocket. I then went into the kitchen (which, along with the rest of the house, belonged to a very square and sensible old woman in a Sussex village), and asked the owner and occupant of the kitchen if she had any brown paper. She had a great deal; in fact, she had too much; and she mistook the purpose and the rationale of the existence of brown paper. She seemed to have an idea that if a person wanted brown paper he must be wanting to tie up parcels; which was the last thing I wanted to do; indeed, it is a thing which I have found to be beyond my mental capacity. Hence she dwelt very much on the varying qualities of toughness and endurance in the material. I explained to her that I only wanted to draw pictures on it, and th at I did not want them to endure in the least; and that from my point of view, therefore, it was a question, not of tough consistency, but of responsive surface, a thing comparatively irrelevant in a parcel. When she understood that I wanted to draw she offered to overwhelm me with note-paper. I then tried to explain the rather delicate logical shade, that I not only liked brown paper, but liked the quality of brownness in paper, just as I like the quality of brownness in October woods, or in beer. Brown paper represents the primal twilight of the first toil of creation, and with a bright-colored chalk or two you can pick out points of fire in it, sparks of gold, and blood-red, and sea-green, like the first fierce stars that sprang out of divine darkness. All this I said (in an off-hand way) to the old woman, and I put the brown paper in my pocket along with the chalks, and possibly other things. I suppose every one must have reflected how primeval and how poetical are the things that one carries in ones pocket; the pocket-knife, for instance, the type of all human tools, the infant of the sword. Once I planned to write a book of poems entirely about things in my pockets. But I found it would be too long, and the age of the great epics is past. With my stick and my knife, my chalks and my brown paper, I went out on to the great downs... I crossed one swell of living turf after another, looking for a place to sit down and draw. Do not, for heavens sake, imagine I was going to sketch from Nature. I was going to draw devils and seraphim, and blind old gods that men worshipped before the dawn of right, and saints in robes of angry crimson, and seas of strange green, and all the sacred or monstrous symbols that look so well in bright colors on brown paper. They are much better worth drawing than Nature; also they are much easier to draw. When a cow came slouching by in the field next to me, a mere artist might have drawn it; but I always get wrong in the hind legs of quadrupeds. So I drew the soul of a cow; which I saw there plainly walking before me in the sunlight; and the soul was all purple and silver, and had seven horns and the mystery that belongs to all beasts. But though I could not with a crayon get the best out of the landscape, it does not follow that the landscape was not getting the best out of me. And this , I think, is the mistake that people make about the old poets who lived before Wordsworth, and were supposed not to care very much about Nature because they did not describe it much. They preferred writing about great men to writing about great hills, but they sat on the great hills to write it. The gave out much less about Nature, but they drank in, perhaps, much more. They painted the white robes of their holy virgins with the blinding snow, at which they had stared all day. ...The greenness of a thousand green leaves clustered into the live green figure of Robin Hood. The blueness of a score of forgotten skies became the blue robes of the Virgin. The inspiration went in like sunbeams and came out like Apollo. But as I sat scrawling these silly figures on the brown paper, it began to dawn on me, to my great disgust, that I had left one chalk, and that a most exquisite and essential chalk, behind. I searched all my pockets, but I could not find any white chalk. Now, those who are acquainted with all the philosophy (nay, religion) which is typified in the art of drawing on brown paper, know that white is positive and essential. I cannot avoid remarking here upon a moral significance. One of the wise and awful truths which this brown-paper art reveals, is this, that white is a color. It is not a mere absence of color; it is a shining and affirmative thing, as fierce as red, as definite as black. When, so to speak, your pencil grows red-hot, it draws roses; when it grows white-hot, it draws stars. And one of the two or three defiant verities of the best religious morality, of real Christianity, for example, is exactly this same thing; the chief assertion of religious morality is that white is a color. Virtue is not the absence of vices or the avoidance of moral dangers; virtue is a vivid and separate thing, like pain or a particular smell. Mercy does not mean not being cruel, or sparing people revenge or punishment; it means a plain and positive thing like the sun, which one has either seen or not seen. Chastity does not mean abstention from sexual wrong; it means something flaming, like Joan of Arc. In a word, God paints in many colors; but he never paints so gorgeously, I had almost said so gaudily, as when He paints in white. In a sense our age has realized this fact, and expressed it in our sullen costume. For if it were really true that white was a blank and colorless thing, negative and non-committal, then white would be used instead of black and grey for the funereal dress of this pessimistic period. Which is not the case. Meanwhile, I could not find my chalk. I sat on the hill in a sort of despair. There was no town near at which it was even remotely probable there would be such a thing as an artists colorman. And yet, without any white, my absurd little pictures would be as pointless as the world would be if there were no good people in it. I stared stupidly round, racking my brain for expedients. Then I suddenly stood up and roared with laughter, again and again, so that the cows stared at me and called a committee. Imagine a man in the Sahara regretting that he had no sand for his hour-glass. Imagine a gentleman in mid-ocean wishing that he had brought some salt water with him for his chemical experiments. I was sitting on an immense warehouse of white chalk. The landscape was made entirely of white chalk. White chalk was piled more miles until it met the sky. I stooped and broke a piece of the rock I sat on: it did not mark so well as the shop chalks do, but it gave the effect. And I stood there in a trance of pleasure, realizing that this Southern England is not only a grand peninsula, and a tradition and a civilization; it is something even more admirable. It is a piece of chalk.

Finkelpearl social art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Finkelpearl social art - Essay Example By so doing he looks carefully into how the art intersects with real life and how artists are working hard to re-imagine this intersection to make a community inclusive art, rather than an outcast kind of art. These public artworks mean that they have a certain influence on how the public experiences, thus public art is the central concern for the artists. As Tom Finkelpearl suggests, public art is in its efforts to be both personal and abstract, does not include dead images; it instead names them (Finkelpearl). Naming is the norm for many memorials, for example the AIDS memorial quilt that began in California, the biggest art in the world today. Public art gives a visually impressive and monumental ambition, to an almost legendary character but that are just spectacles in performance. Nearly all people see public art but most of them are only able to identify the works through recorded documents or photographs. Tom Finkelpearl (Finkelpearl)says there is a possibility within this relatively work of art to have opportunities to explore the contemporary world through its many multifold and become a recognized and credible discipline in fine

What is globalization, and what are some of the traditional Essay

What is globalization, and what are some of the traditional international trade theories that support the concept of globalization - Essay Example Vincent points out that the present form of globalization is defective as it is largely shaped by the rules made by the superpowers and that is why these rules do not necessarily benefit the developing countries. (Friedman 1992). Globalisation has come to involve a delocalization of business activities which previously involved face-to-face interaction, or that were local, due to long distances. This significant delocalization has occurred in the social and economic exchanges and cultural barriers have been accordingly broken). Business and commerce has taken the most effect from this phenomena as the internet has proven to be a tool on Globalisation as e-commerce has revolutionized the entire business scene and broken the notion of geographical boundaries. Globalisation brings with it low costs and through better networking and transport better business networking is possible.The cost of disseminating information has reduced due to the advent of instantaneous

Curriculum Development Assignment ( French Secondary PGCE) Essay

Curriculum Development Assignment ( French Secondary PGCE) - Essay Example In this context, one would define an authentic learning experience as one which would prepare students for real-life situations (using props, or realia, if necessary and available) in order to facilitate the learning process. Students, then, are not seen from the philosophical lens of being merely â€Å"vessels to be filled with knowledge,† as Paulo Freire might have argued. Nor are students coming to classroom with their minds a tabula rossa, a blank slate on which one must fill their heads with ideas—as John Locke might very well have argued. Instead, students have knowledge already, prior knowledge that can be tapped into and used in dramatic situations in order to facilitate new learning, weaving what they know in with what they don’t know. Additionally, students have ideas already in their minds about the language they are learning and how exactly they might like to go about learning in their own manner—but, perhaps outside of a drama-inspired French class, they might not receive as many opportunities to be creative in secondary school subjects as they might with a class designed like this one. Indeed, it is the students who make the classroom setting and the learning fun by adding their own knowledge or surprise â€Å"twist† to the subject matter’s material, if you will. ... In every truly good drama, there are always elements of serious academic study and research that go behind every academic project worthy of some undertaking. Drama is a way for students to use different kinds of intelligences as defined by Howard Gardner’s Theory Of Multiple Intelligences, which are common knowledge to educators everywhere—the different intelligences being bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, musical, verbal-linguistic, logical, spatial, and naturalist intelligences all combined. For example, students may use their interpersonal skills interacting with each other as actors and actresses. Intrapersonal—or extremely introverted students—may learn to be more outgoing and even have their own soliloquies. Musical students may choose to sing in their dramatic presentation, in French, as part of their particular project. Verbal-linguistic students might be interested in reciting long monologues or dialogues that they themselves have written in French, and then perform them in a lively and witty verbal discourse. Students who are visual may use their spatial intelligence in order to draw or design temporary, movable scenery or provide visual imagery for the presentation—which could include technology such as a PowerPoint or a presentation on a SmartBoard (if such technologies are available). Students with bodily-kinesthetic intelligence may be good with activities requiring movement and the proper placement of one’s presence on-stage. Students with naturalistic intelligence may incorporate nature and ethical treatment for animals into their dramatic presentations. As an additional bonus, some students may have high moral intelligence, which may lead them to produce a morality play, for

Potassium Lithium Hydrogen Phthalate Mixed Crystals

Potassium Lithium Hydrogen Phthalate Mixed Crystals 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION SECTION 3.1 Synthesis, growth, structure and characterization of potassium lithium hydrogen phthalate mixed crystals* In the present work, we report the growth and structure of a new mixed crystal C16H16KLiO11 (PLHP), which crystallizes in a non-centrosymmetric space group P21 and SHG-active. The grown crystals were subjected to various characterization studies which are briefly described below. Here it is established that by synthesising the mixed crystal in a different route with a controlled concentration of additive, one can sustain nonlinearity at the macro level by allowing the specimen to crystallise in a polar space group. The main objective of the investigation is to design a noncentrosymmetric structure by attempting a different route of synthesis, leading to NLO activity. Steering to noncentrosymmetry from centrosymmetry is made possible by changing the growth conditions. 3.1.1. Crystal growth The mixed crystal PLHP was synthesized from an aqueous solution containing equimolar quantities of AR grade potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP) and lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) in slightly acidic conditions using de-ionized water. After successive recrystallization, the mixed crystals were grown by the slow evaporation solution growth technique. The crystallization took place within 20-25 d and the crystals were harvested. Photographs of as- grown crystals are shown in Fig. 3.1.1. Fig. 3.1.1. Photographs of mixed crystal PLHP 3.1.2. FT-IR The FT-IR spectrum of the as-grown specimen is shown in Fig.3.1.2. An absorption band in the region 500-900 cm-1 corresponds to the C-H out of plane deformations of aromatic ring. The C=O stretching frequency appeared at 1670 cm-1. The characteristic vibrational patterns of KHP104, lithium hydrogen phthalate (LiHP) 22 and PLHP are given in Table 3.1.2. A slight shift of some of the characteristic vibrational frequencies could be due to the stress development because of Li incorporation. Fig. 3.1.2. FT–IR spectrum of mixed crystal PLHP Table 3.1.2. FT-IR frequencies of some acid phthalate crystals (cm-1) aRef 105 bRef 22 c Present study 3.1.3. TGA/DTA Thermal studies reveal the purity of the material. The TGA curve shows a single stage weight loss at à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¾150o C due to loss of water molecule. In DTA, the broad endothermic peak at 420 °C, is due to decomposition. The residual mass observed from thermogram at 600 °C is ~50%. (Fig. 3.1.3). 3.1.4. SEM / EDS The SEM micrographs give information about the surface morphology and it is used to check the imperfections105. The SEM pictures of PLHP at different magnifications are shown in Fig. 3.1.4.1. It shows highest surface roughness in a plate like structure, due to defect centers and crystal voids. The presence of Li and K in the PLHP crystal lattice is confirmed by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) (Fig. 3.1.4.2). Fig. 3.1.4.2. EDS spectrum of PLHP 3.1.5. AAS and CHN analysis Atomic absorption spectroscopic studies were carried out to quantify Li (20.6 ppm) and K (21. ppm ) in the sample. Also, CHN elemental analysis was performed to estimate the quantity of carbon and hydrogen present in PLHP. The elemental composition found was: C 42.93%, H 3.29%. The calculated composition was: C 44.63%, H 3.7%. 3.1.6. UV-visible The UV-visible spectrum of the mixed crystal PLHP reveals high transmittance in the visible region and the lower cut-off wave length is observed at ~300 nm. Incorporation of foreign metal ion into the KHP crystal lattice does not destroy the optical transmission of potassium hydrogen phthalate. The concentration of an absorbing species can be determined using the Kubelka-Munk equation106 correlating reflectance and concentration, F(R) = (1-R)2 / 2R = ÃŽ ± / s=Ac / s where F(R) is Kubelka-Munk function, R is the reflectance of the crystal, ÃŽ ± is absorption coefficient, s is scattering coefficient, A is absorbance and c is concentration of the absorbing species. The direct band-gap energy of the specimen is estimated as 4.05 eV, from the Tauc plot [F(R)hÃŽ ½]2 versus hÃŽ ½ (eV) (Fig. 3.1.6). Fig. 3.1.6. Tauc plot (Direct Band gap energy) 3.1.7 X-ray diffraction analysis The powder XRD pattern of PLHP shows that the sample is of a single phase without a detectable impurity. Narrow peaks indicate the good crystallinity of the material. At room temperature all the observed reflections were indexed. The indexed powder XRD pattern is shown in Fig. 3.1.7.1. Peak positions in powder XRD match with simulated XRD patterns from single crystal X-ray diffraction. The relative intensity variations could be due to the preferred orientation of the sample used for diffractogram measurement. Also, the mosaic spread of powder and single crystal patterns may differ, resulting in intensity variations. The structure of PLHP is elucidated and the ORTEP is given as Fig. 3.1.7.2. Three-dimensional view of intramolecular hydrogen bonding interactions is displayed in Fig. 3.1.7.3. The chemical formula C16H16KLiO11 confirms the presence of K and Li in the crystalline matrix, well supported by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The specimen crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system with the noncentrosymmetric space group P21. The crystallographic parameters of PLHP, KHP, LiKP and LiHP are listed in Table 3.1.7.1. Fig.3.1.7.1. Experimental (red) and simulated (blue) powder XRD patterns Fig.3.1.7.2. ORTEP of PLHP Fig.3.1.7.3. Three dimensional view of intramolecular hydrogen bonding interactions (OHà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢O) Table 3.1.7.1. Crystal data of LiHP, KHP, LiKP and PLHP crystals The alkali ions are linked to each other by O–Hà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢O hydrogen bonds through the carboxylate oxygen. The O atoms of the carboxylate group (in phthalate ions) namely O(1)-O(8) are connected to K1, while the lithium ions are connected with central metal ion via O(5)-O(6), O atoms of the water molecules. The K-O bond distances range from 2.8311 (19) to 3.207 (8) Ã…, which is higher than bond distances observed in potassium hydrogen phthalate monohydrate 2.305 (1) –2.597 (1) Ã…. The Li–O bond distances lie in the range 1.956 (3)–1.968 (3) Ã…. The aromatic C-C bond distances fall in the range 1.377 (3) –1.485 (2) Ã…. The four carboxy C-O distances are almost same and the values are close to that observed for potassium hydrogen phthalate monohydrate107 and sodium acid phthalate108. In LiKP, O(4)–K(1) bond distance lies at 2.7491 Ã… whereas in our present study, the O(4)–K(1) bond dist ance is 2.7671 Ã…. The selected bond angles and bond lengths are given in Table 3.1.7.2. Crystal packing with hydrogen bonding interactions along the b-axis is given in Fig. 3.1.7.4. Strong intramolecular hydrogen bonding interactions are O(2)-H(2)à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢O(11) and O(5)-H(5B)à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢O(3) assembled with distances of 1.77 and 1.86 Ã… respectively (Fig. 3.1.7.5). Weak intermolecular interactions are observed for O(7)-H(7B)à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢O(10), O(7)-H(7B)à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢O(11) and O(5)-H(5B)à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢O(1), with bond distances of 2.41 (2), 2.46 (3) and 3.25 (4) Ã… respectively (Table 3.1.7.3.). Table 3.1.7.2. Selected bond lengths (Ã…) and angles (o) of PLHP Table 3.1.7.3. Hydrogen bonds geometry for PLHP [Ã…, o] Fig. 3.1.7.5. Three dimensional image of polyhedron with O-Hà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢O interactions 3.1.8. SHG efficiency In order to confirm the influence of incorporation of lithium on the NLO properties of KHP the pure and mixed crystals were subjected to SHG test with an input radiation of 6.5 mJ/pulse. The outputs give the relative SHG efficiencies of the measured specimens. As seen, the SHG activity of the mixed crystal is comparable with that of KHP (Fig. 3.1.8) and it is quite likely due to the facile charge transfer, not disturbed by Li-incorporation. Although many materials have been identified that have higher molecular nonlinearities, the attainment of second-order effects requires favourable alignment of the molecule within the crystal109. It has been reported that the SHG can be greatly enhanced by altering the molecular alignment through inclusion complexation110. The mixed crystal PLHP grown from an aqueous solution containing equimolar quantities of reactants crystallize in a noncentrosymmetric space group P21 and SHG-active, whereas when Li is taken in excess in the growth medium the f ormed mixed crystal LiKP crystallizes in a centrosymmetric space group P1 and hence SHG-inactive29. It is interesting to observe that the mixed crystal of KHP synthesized by a different route crystallises in a polar space group. By changing the growth conditions it is possible to attain noncentrosymmetry in preference to centrosymmetry, a required characteristic of an NLO material. Fig. 3.1.8. The comparative SHG oscilloscope traces of the powder samples of KHP (red) and PLHP (blue) 3.1.9. Hirshfeld surface analysis The Hirshfeld surfaces of PLHP have been demonstrated in Fig. 3.1.9.1 by showing dnorm, shape index, de and di. The Hirshfeld surface111-113 surrounding a molecule is defined by points where the contribution to the electron density from the molecule under consideration is equal to the contribution from all the other molecules. For each point on that isosurface, two distances are determined: one is de representing the distance from the point to the nearest nucleus external to the surface and second one is di, representing the distance to the nearest nucleus internal to the surface. The normalized contact distance (dnorm) is based on both de and di. The surfaces are shown as transparent to allow visualization of the molecule around which they were calculated. The circular depressions (deep red) which are visible on the Hirshfeld surface are an indicator of hydrogen bonding contacts and other visible spots in Fig. 3.1.9.1a are due to Oà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢Li ( 3.6%), Hà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢O (14.5%), Oà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢H (15.9%), Kà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢O (2.0%) and Lià ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢O (3.5%) interactions. The short interactions represented by deep red spots in de surface (Fig.3.1.9.1c) are Oà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢Li contacts (3.6%). The dominant Oà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢H (14.5%), Lià ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢O (3.5%) and Hà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢H (31.7%) interactions are viewed in di surface plots by the bright red area in Fig. 3.1.9.1d. The shape index indicates the shape of the electron density surface around the molecular interactions. The small range of area and light color on the surface represent a weaker and longer contact other than hydrogen bonds. The two-dimensional fingerprint plots114 of PLHP exemplify the strong evidenc e for the intermolecular interactions pattern. In the fingerprint region (Fig. 3.1.9.3), Oà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢H (15.9%) interactions are represented by a spike in the bottom area whereas the Hà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢O (14.5%) interactions are represented by a spike in the top left region. Hydrogen-hydrogen interactions Hà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢H (31.7%) are very high while compared to the other bonding interactions. Sharp curved spike at the bottom left area indicates the Oà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢Li (3.6%) and top left corner with curved spike indicates the Lià ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢O (3.5%). The finger print at the bottom right area represents Cà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢H (11.7%) interactions and top right area represents Hà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢C (8.7%) interactions. The number of interactions in terms of percent age are represented in a pie chart in Fig. 3.1.9.2. Fig.3.1.9.1. Hirshfeld surface analysis of PLHP (a) dnorm (b) shape index (c) de (d) di Fig. 3.1.9.2. Relative contribution of various intermolecular interactions in PLHP Fig. 3.1.9.3. Fingerprint plots of PLHP 1

The Need for Recycling Essay -- Recycle Reuse Landfill Trash

The Need for Recycling This essay has problems with the format People Need to Recycle In the United Sates, where the population is inflated every year. The amount of space for landfills decreases every day. The need for recycling should not be asked, it should just be done out of habit. Everyone in America needs to recycle, to help the lamdfill problem, help the environment, and help produce new products from recycled goods. In America there is about two-hundred and eight tons of residential and commercial trash generated a year, 4.3 pounds per person a day (Prichard 1A). This is an overwhelming amount of trashed produced yearly. When people recycle this number can be drastically cut. But many people do not practice and use recycling. Consumers and businesses should use the three R’s; recycle, reuse, and recharge (Prichard 1A). Consumers and businesses are producing more garbage than ever before. As a result, we are rapidly running out of landfill space. In 1979 America had close to 18,500 landfills, and by 1991 that number was nearly cut in half (Prichard 10A). Kentucky, Ohio, Minnesota, and Illinois will reach their maximum limit on landfills by the year 2005 (Prichard 10A). This whole garbage problem has forced us to try other options. Many of these options have been very unsuccessful. People have tried burning their garbage, that cause pollution to the environment. Some states even resorted to dropping their trash in the ocean, only to have the very same trash float ashore later. Dumping it on other states leads to feuding neighbors. Indiana passed a law to block imports of out-of-state trash, but a federal court ruled the law illegal (Prichard 10A). Instead of trying to find new ways to dump our trash, we need to find b... ...se cans out of our rivers and parks. Everyone should get involved with a local recycling program of some sorts. Every city has recycling bins for newspapers, paper, cans, bottles, plastics, almost everything there is. When people get involved, the landfills, and the environment will all be greatly inproved. So take the time to recycle and America will truly be a beautiful place to live. Works Cited Hall, Cindy. â€Å"Trash and Back.† USA Today 14 November 1997: 1A. Lipkin, Richard. â€Å"Recycling, King of the Trash Heap.† New Tech 26 February 1990: 48-49. Pendleton, Scott. â€Å"Sellers Tickled by Demand for Recycled Paper.† The Christian Science Monitor 26 August 1997. Prichard, Peter. â€Å"Bottle-Deposit Laws Fight Litter and Waste.† USA Today 29 April 1990: 8A. Prichard, Peter. â€Å"Trash Glut Demands Recycling Solution.† USA Today 19 February 1994: 10A.

My sisters keeper

Fitzgerald, who is an engineered baby, Is currently functioning at Erik Erosion's â€Å"Identity versus Identity confusion† stage. All her life she has been used by her parents as a donor for her dying sister, Kate, who is a suffering leukemia patient. Ana is finally at the point where she is evidentially trying to find her identity because she wants to claim the rights to her own body. She is now old enough to realize that being a donor can have a negative effect on herself.Erikson states that people in the Identity versus identity confusion stage begin to evolve the ability to explore different alternatives to questions of concerns Noon). One of Ana's alternatives for her situation concerning the rights to her own body Is getting a Lawyer. In this scene she shows how important it is for her to have her own identity by wanting to sue her own mother (Captivates). When she tells the lawyer about her situation and presents him with her medical documents, it shows how she is mora lly developing and growing up to be an individual person? not an object (Excavates).This is a big step for somebody her age. One would expect her to go erectly to her mother Instead of going through the hassle of bringing the Justice system into play. During the identity versus isolation stage Erikson says, â€Å"Parents and teachers are important at this stage. They can help to inform a positive identity by providing opportunities and encouragement as adolescences explore the various options of life† (John). In Ana's case, her mother, Sara, is not there to encourage her to be an Individual or explore the many paths which she can take in life. This isolates her from both of her parents.In the court scene near the end, Sara and the lawyer debate about Ana's mindset. Sara says that she needs to continue to use Ana In order to save Kate, and she has no choice but to do so because she is too young to make her own decisions (Captivates). In opposition to Sara, the lawyer stands up for Ana since she has nobody else to stand up for her against her mother (Captivates). Instead of providing Ana with opportunities to be free from sacrificing herself for Kate, Sara decides that Ana cannot make decisions of her own because of her progressively unhealthy attachment to Kate.She Is hindering Ana's exploration by telling her what she wants and does not want (John). During the movie Kate Fitzgerald is in Kohlrabi's pre conventional stage of â€Å"personal usefulness. † Kate is getting increasingly sick and as each day goes by she is more and more accepting of the fact that she does not have much longer to live. Goldberg states, â€Å"To the person In this stage, what Is right is that which satisfies one's own needs and occasionally the needs of others† (Wee). Kate ultimately aims to please herself because she wants to be with her boyfriend who dies before her. This is the reason why she is not afraid to die anymore.In one scene, Kate has a conversation wit h Ana and says, â€Å"Would you pull the plug for me? (Captivates). This question takes Ana off guard, and Kate tells her that she is not afraid of dying. Her reason which justifies this statement is because her boyfriend has already moved on, which then leads her into convincing Ana into stop being a donor (Asseverates). Kate does not take her family's feelings Into account while she makes the decision to tell through to keep her alive, how much they love her and how hard it would be for Ana to claim the rights to her own body, but she looks past all of this and still puts her feelings first.The basic motivation â€Å"you scratch my back and I'll scratch yours† is what titivates Kate (Wee). Ana gets what she wants by manipulating Ana and telling her about the consequences of donating her kidneys (Captivates). Ana aims to please herself; however there are times when she recognizes how her cancer affects her family's bond. As she is in her hospital bed looking through a scrap book, she reflects on how the attention has always been on her rather than her older brother and Ana (Captivates).Part of her motive to let her cancer kill her is based on her siblings' feelings which she takes into consideration? if she is out of the picture then they will get more attention from their parents. Ana is functioning at Kohlrabies personal usefulness because her motivations are based on her personal gain, and she partially takes others' feelings into consideration when making decisions (Wee). Moreover, her moral development is still progressing and has the potential to be at the conventional level where she puts others before herself.This is seen because of the fact that she takes time to reflect on how her siblings feel when all the attention is on her. Sara Fitzgerald goes from Fowlers â€Å"personal faith† to â€Å"mystical faith. † A person who is in the personal faith stage may run into some gray areas and tension with there while searching for the truth (Wee). Sara's search for the truth about Skate's wants causes a lot of tension between her and her family because when the answers are in front of her, she does not see them or they seem to be unclear.Her attachment to Kate is causing her to be oblivious to the wants and needs of her children, especially Kate who wants to die. In the court scene, the brother says to Sara, â€Å"Skate's dying and everybody knows it! You Just love her so much that you don't want to let her go. She told you a million times, you didn't want to hear it† (Captivates). Sara hints that she is doing everything to in her power to please Kate by keeping her alive, but in reality she is only pleasing herself and this is part of the personal faith stage pertaining to gray areas and unclear answers.Only when her son brings the truth to her out in the open, does she realize that as she keeps her spirit alive, she is killing Skate's. This answer to the question she has been searching for is a bad thing for Sara in the short term, but has its benefits in the long run. It is bad because she the truth is not what she wants to hear and causes her spirit to weaken. It is good that she hears the truth because it gives her a chance to finally move on to the next level of spiritual growth, mystical faith.Before Kate dies, she begins to open up instead of turning her head away from what Kate has to say like she usually does. In the mystical faith stage the person challenges and improves structure because they are more accepting. Near the end of the movie when Kate shows Sara her scrapbook she made, she begins to cry and lays down beside Kate. This symbolizes that she is beginning to accept the fact that Kate is dying and she needs to let her go. Her acceptance at this time and even after Kate is gone shows her improvement in structure.For Sara, her transition from one stage to another took place by overcoming a crisis she was facing, which is what one should do in order to move on to the next stage of spiritual growth (Wee). Captivates, Nick, dir. My Sister's Keeper. Writ. Level Jeremy. Film. 26 Novo 2012. John , B. In search of the good: A catholic understanding of moral living. 2nd deed. Ottawa: the Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops, 2004. Print. Wee, J. â€Å"Fowlers Six Stages of Spiritual Growth. † Trans. Reappoint. Wee,J. â€Å"Kohlrabi's Stages of Moral Reasoning. † Trans. Reappoint. My sisters keeper Fitzgerald, who is an engineered baby, Is currently functioning at Erik Erosion's â€Å"Identity versus Identity confusion† stage. All her life she has been used by her parents as a donor for her dying sister, Kate, who is a suffering leukemia patient. Ana is finally at the point where she is evidentially trying to find her identity because she wants to claim the rights to her own body. She is now old enough to realize that being a donor can have a negative effect on herself.Erikson states that people in the Identity versus identity confusion stage begin to evolve the ability to explore different alternatives to questions of concerns Noon). One of Ana's alternatives for her situation concerning the rights to her own body Is getting a Lawyer. In this scene she shows how important it is for her to have her own identity by wanting to sue her own mother (Captivates). When she tells the lawyer about her situation and presents him with her medical documents, it shows how she is mora lly developing and growing up to be an individual person? not an object (Excavates).This is a big step for somebody her age. One would expect her to go erectly to her mother Instead of going through the hassle of bringing the Justice system into play. During the identity versus isolation stage Erikson says, â€Å"Parents and teachers are important at this stage. They can help to inform a positive identity by providing opportunities and encouragement as adolescences explore the various options of life† (John). In Ana's case, her mother, Sara, is not there to encourage her to be an Individual or explore the many paths which she can take in life. This isolates her from both of her parents.In the court scene near the end, Sara and the lawyer debate about Ana's mindset. Sara says that she needs to continue to use Ana In order to save Kate, and she has no choice but to do so because she is too young to make her own decisions (Captivates). In opposition to Sara, the lawyer stands up for Ana since she has nobody else to stand up for her against her mother (Captivates). Instead of providing Ana with opportunities to be free from sacrificing herself for Kate, Sara decides that Ana cannot make decisions of her own because of her progressively unhealthy attachment to Kate.She Is hindering Ana's exploration by telling her what she wants and does not want (John). During the movie Kate Fitzgerald is in Kohlrabi's pre conventional stage of â€Å"personal usefulness. † Kate is getting increasingly sick and as each day goes by she is more and more accepting of the fact that she does not have much longer to live. Goldberg states, â€Å"To the person In this stage, what Is right is that which satisfies one's own needs and occasionally the needs of others† (Wee). Kate ultimately aims to please herself because she wants to be with her boyfriend who dies before her. This is the reason why she is not afraid to die anymore.In one scene, Kate has a conversation wit h Ana and says, â€Å"Would you pull the plug for me? (Captivates). This question takes Ana off guard, and Kate tells her that she is not afraid of dying. Her reason which justifies this statement is because her boyfriend has already moved on, which then leads her into convincing Ana into stop being a donor (Asseverates). Kate does not take her family's feelings Into account while she makes the decision to tell through to keep her alive, how much they love her and how hard it would be for Ana to claim the rights to her own body, but she looks past all of this and still puts her feelings first.The basic motivation â€Å"you scratch my back and I'll scratch yours† is what titivates Kate (Wee). Ana gets what she wants by manipulating Ana and telling her about the consequences of donating her kidneys (Captivates). Ana aims to please herself; however there are times when she recognizes how her cancer affects her family's bond. As she is in her hospital bed looking through a scrap book, she reflects on how the attention has always been on her rather than her older brother and Ana (Captivates).Part of her motive to let her cancer kill her is based on her siblings' feelings which she takes into consideration? if she is out of the picture then they will get more attention from their parents. Ana is functioning at Kohlrabies personal usefulness because her motivations are based on her personal gain, and she partially takes others' feelings into consideration when making decisions (Wee). Moreover, her moral development is still progressing and has the potential to be at the conventional level where she puts others before herself.This is seen because of the fact that she takes time to reflect on how her siblings feel when all the attention is on her. Sara Fitzgerald goes from Fowlers â€Å"personal faith† to â€Å"mystical faith. † A person who is in the personal faith stage may run into some gray areas and tension with there while searching for the truth (Wee). Sara's search for the truth about Skate's wants causes a lot of tension between her and her family because when the answers are in front of her, she does not see them or they seem to be unclear.Her attachment to Kate is causing her to be oblivious to the wants and needs of her children, especially Kate who wants to die. In the court scene, the brother says to Sara, â€Å"Skate's dying and everybody knows it! You Just love her so much that you don't want to let her go. She told you a million times, you didn't want to hear it† (Captivates). Sara hints that she is doing everything to in her power to please Kate by keeping her alive, but in reality she is only pleasing herself and this is part of the personal faith stage pertaining to gray areas and unclear answers.Only when her son brings the truth to her out in the open, does she realize that as she keeps her spirit alive, she is killing Skate's. This answer to the question she has been searching for is a bad thing for Sara in the short term, but has its benefits in the long run. It is bad because she the truth is not what she wants to hear and causes her spirit to weaken. It is good that she hears the truth because it gives her a chance to finally move on to the next level of spiritual growth, mystical faith.Before Kate dies, she begins to open up instead of turning her head away from what Kate has to say like she usually does. In the mystical faith stage the person challenges and improves structure because they are more accepting. Near the end of the movie when Kate shows Sara her scrapbook she made, she begins to cry and lays down beside Kate. This symbolizes that she is beginning to accept the fact that Kate is dying and she needs to let her go. Her acceptance at this time and even after Kate is gone shows her improvement in structure.For Sara, her transition from one stage to another took place by overcoming a crisis she was facing, which is what one should do in order to move on to the next stage of spiritual growth (Wee). Captivates, Nick, dir. My Sister's Keeper. Writ. Level Jeremy. Film. 26 Novo 2012. John , B. In search of the good: A catholic understanding of moral living. 2nd deed. Ottawa: the Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops, 2004. Print. Wee, J. â€Å"Fowlers Six Stages of Spiritual Growth. † Trans. Reappoint. Wee,J. â€Å"Kohlrabi's Stages of Moral Reasoning. † Trans. Reappoint. My sisters keeper Fitzgerald, who is an engineered baby, Is currently functioning at Erik Erosion's â€Å"Identity versus Identity confusion† stage. All her life she has been used by her parents as a donor for her dying sister, Kate, who is a suffering leukemia patient. Ana is finally at the point where she is evidentially trying to find her identity because she wants to claim the rights to her own body. She is now old enough to realize that being a donor can have a negative effect on herself.Erikson states that people in the Identity versus identity confusion stage begin to evolve the ability to explore different alternatives to questions of concerns Noon). One of Ana's alternatives for her situation concerning the rights to her own body Is getting a Lawyer. In this scene she shows how important it is for her to have her own identity by wanting to sue her own mother (Captivates). When she tells the lawyer about her situation and presents him with her medical documents, it shows how she is mora lly developing and growing up to be an individual person? not an object (Excavates).This is a big step for somebody her age. One would expect her to go erectly to her mother Instead of going through the hassle of bringing the Justice system into play. During the identity versus isolation stage Erikson says, â€Å"Parents and teachers are important at this stage. They can help to inform a positive identity by providing opportunities and encouragement as adolescences explore the various options of life† (John). In Ana's case, her mother, Sara, is not there to encourage her to be an Individual or explore the many paths which she can take in life. This isolates her from both of her parents.In the court scene near the end, Sara and the lawyer debate about Ana's mindset. Sara says that she needs to continue to use Ana In order to save Kate, and she has no choice but to do so because she is too young to make her own decisions (Captivates). In opposition to Sara, the lawyer stands up for Ana since she has nobody else to stand up for her against her mother (Captivates). Instead of providing Ana with opportunities to be free from sacrificing herself for Kate, Sara decides that Ana cannot make decisions of her own because of her progressively unhealthy attachment to Kate.She Is hindering Ana's exploration by telling her what she wants and does not want (John). During the movie Kate Fitzgerald is in Kohlrabi's pre conventional stage of â€Å"personal usefulness. † Kate is getting increasingly sick and as each day goes by she is more and more accepting of the fact that she does not have much longer to live. Goldberg states, â€Å"To the person In this stage, what Is right is that which satisfies one's own needs and occasionally the needs of others† (Wee). Kate ultimately aims to please herself because she wants to be with her boyfriend who dies before her. This is the reason why she is not afraid to die anymore.In one scene, Kate has a conversation wit h Ana and says, â€Å"Would you pull the plug for me? (Captivates). This question takes Ana off guard, and Kate tells her that she is not afraid of dying. Her reason which justifies this statement is because her boyfriend has already moved on, which then leads her into convincing Ana into stop being a donor (Asseverates). Kate does not take her family's feelings Into account while she makes the decision to tell through to keep her alive, how much they love her and how hard it would be for Ana to claim the rights to her own body, but she looks past all of this and still puts her feelings first.The basic motivation â€Å"you scratch my back and I'll scratch yours† is what titivates Kate (Wee). Ana gets what she wants by manipulating Ana and telling her about the consequences of donating her kidneys (Captivates). Ana aims to please herself; however there are times when she recognizes how her cancer affects her family's bond. As she is in her hospital bed looking through a scrap book, she reflects on how the attention has always been on her rather than her older brother and Ana (Captivates).Part of her motive to let her cancer kill her is based on her siblings' feelings which she takes into consideration? if she is out of the picture then they will get more attention from their parents. Ana is functioning at Kohlrabies personal usefulness because her motivations are based on her personal gain, and she partially takes others' feelings into consideration when making decisions (Wee). Moreover, her moral development is still progressing and has the potential to be at the conventional level where she puts others before herself.This is seen because of the fact that she takes time to reflect on how her siblings feel when all the attention is on her. Sara Fitzgerald goes from Fowlers â€Å"personal faith† to â€Å"mystical faith. † A person who is in the personal faith stage may run into some gray areas and tension with there while searching for the truth (Wee). Sara's search for the truth about Skate's wants causes a lot of tension between her and her family because when the answers are in front of her, she does not see them or they seem to be unclear.Her attachment to Kate is causing her to be oblivious to the wants and needs of her children, especially Kate who wants to die. In the court scene, the brother says to Sara, â€Å"Skate's dying and everybody knows it! You Just love her so much that you don't want to let her go. She told you a million times, you didn't want to hear it† (Captivates). Sara hints that she is doing everything to in her power to please Kate by keeping her alive, but in reality she is only pleasing herself and this is part of the personal faith stage pertaining to gray areas and unclear answers.Only when her son brings the truth to her out in the open, does she realize that as she keeps her spirit alive, she is killing Skate's. This answer to the question she has been searching for is a bad thing for Sara in the short term, but has its benefits in the long run. It is bad because she the truth is not what she wants to hear and causes her spirit to weaken. It is good that she hears the truth because it gives her a chance to finally move on to the next level of spiritual growth, mystical faith.Before Kate dies, she begins to open up instead of turning her head away from what Kate has to say like she usually does. In the mystical faith stage the person challenges and improves structure because they are more accepting. Near the end of the movie when Kate shows Sara her scrapbook she made, she begins to cry and lays down beside Kate. This symbolizes that she is beginning to accept the fact that Kate is dying and she needs to let her go. Her acceptance at this time and even after Kate is gone shows her improvement in structure.For Sara, her transition from one stage to another took place by overcoming a crisis she was facing, which is what one should do in order to move on to the next stage of spiritual growth (Wee). Captivates, Nick, dir. My Sister's Keeper. Writ. Level Jeremy. Film. 26 Novo 2012. John , B. In search of the good: A catholic understanding of moral living. 2nd deed. Ottawa: the Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops, 2004. Print. Wee, J. â€Å"Fowlers Six Stages of Spiritual Growth. † Trans. Reappoint. Wee,J. â€Å"Kohlrabi's Stages of Moral Reasoning. † Trans. Reappoint.

The Meaning of Faire le Pont

The Meaning of Faire le Pont This expression is very useful since it describes something very French and does not translate well in English. First, lets not mistake faire le pont with faire le point (with an i) which means to evaluate/ assess a situation. Faire le Pont to do the Bridge Yoga Position Literally, faire le pont means to do the bridge. So, what could it mean? One of its meaning is a body position in yoga; a backstretch, where you stand on hands and feet with your belly facing up. Faire le Pont An Extra-Long Weekend The instance when faire le pont is most used is to describe a very French specific 4-day long weekend.   The holiday is on a Monday or a Friday - like anybody else, the French will have a three-day long weekend. Nothing exceptional here. Here is the French Twist: If the holiday is on a Thursday or a Tuesday, then the French will skip the day separating them from the weekend doing the bridge over the weekend. They will, of course, still get paid for it.   Schools also do it, and the students have to make up for the extra day off by going to school on a Wednesday (typically off for younger students) or a Saturday - you can imagine the mess it is when your kid is involved ​in a regular off-school activity such as a sport. Les Ponts du Mois de Mai: May Days Off There are many possible holidays in May: May 1st is Labor Day (la fà ªte du travail)May 8th is the end of WWIIAround mid or end of May, we have a Christian holiday, l’Ascension.Sometimes towards the very end of May, another Christian holiday la Pentecà ´te If this holiday falls on a Thursday or a Tuesday, les franà §ais vont faire le pont (you do need to conjugate Faire to agree with your subject), and everything will be closed for four days! With ​an extra-long weekend, many French people will take off, and the roads will be quite busy as well.

cf intro Essay Example

cf intro Essay Example cf intro Essay cf intro Essay LBSlM-2013-1 *Term-II Introduction to Corporate Finance Some Recent Business News Reliance Industries declares 150% dividend India Nippon shareholders approve 7:10 bonus issue Introduction to Corporate Finance 2 What is Corporate Finance about? ? Financial Decisions made by Corporations. ? Financial decisions relate to: Where to invest the firms resources (Investment Decisions) How to raise resources for the firm (Financing Decisions) How to reward the owners of the business (Dividend Decisions) ? Corporate Finance provides answers to these issues. Investment Decisions ? Firms have scarce resources which must be allocated mong competing uses. ? Resources may be used for : Revenue Generating Cost Saving Projects Strategic Decisions Introduction of a New Product Replacing old equipment with new equipment Which markets to enter Acquisition of other companies ? While taking Investment Decisions, we measure the Benefits (Returns) from the proposed Investment projects and compare with Mini mum Acceptable Hurdle rate to decide acceptance or rejection. 4 Investment Decisions (Contd. ? Minimum Acceptable Hurdle rate should be set so as to reflect: Risk profile of the project (Higher hurdle rate for riskier projects), and Financing mix of the project Projects with different Risk Profiles Less Risky More Risky 5 ? Investment Decisions are concerned with: Establish Minimum Acceptable Hurdle Rate appropriate to the investment proposal Measuring Benefits (Returns) from the investment proposals, Comparing benefits with minimum acceptable hurdle rate in order to accept (or reject) the project. Invest in assets that earn a return greater than the minimum acceptable hurdle rate 6 Financing Decisions ? How should firms raise Financial resources required? ? Businesses can broadly raise funds either through: Owners Fund (Equity) Borrowed Funds (Debt) ? Financing Decision involves : Finding an optimal mix between Debt Equity (Capital Structure), and Type of Instrument Long Term Vs. Short Term, Fixed Rate Vs. Floating Rate, Straight Vs. Convertible, Domestic Markets Vs. International Markets. Choose a financing mix that matches the characteristics of assets being financed. Dividend Decisions ? Dividend is any reward by the firm to its shareholders. ? Firms have to decide about what to do with the surplus generated by the firm i. e. : Reinvest into the business (Plough back) , or Distribute as Dividend (reward the shareholders) Amount of Dividend (Dividend Payout) Stability of Dividend (Trend) Forms: Cash Share Repurchase 8 Dividend Decisions (Contd. ) ? Trade-off between re tention distribution is to be made. When the firm is small and has attractive investment opportunities, profits are retained and reinvested. Ata later stage in a firms life cycle when the funds generated are greater than the investment requirements, the firm has to decide about ways of returning the excess cash to the owners. If there are not enough investments that earn the hurdle rate, return the cash to the owners. 9 Linking Financial Decisions with Firms Objective Investment Decision Financing Decision Dividend Decision Invest in assets that earn a return greater than the minimum acceptable hurdle rate Choose the financing mix that maximizes the value of the projects taken , and matches the assets being financed. If there are not enough investments that earn the hurdle rate, return the cash to the owners. Maximize the value of the Firm 10 Objective of the Firm ? How do we Judge the correctness of these decisions? ? The basic objective of Financial Management is: to maximise the value of the firm ? Any decision (Investment, Financing, or Dividend) that ncreases the value is considered good and which reduces the value is considered as poor. Value of the firm is, therefore, dependent on Firms Investment, Financing Dividend Decisions. 11 What is Firm Value? Maximization of Value of the Firm Maximization of Shareholders Value Maximization of Stock Price of the Firm Debt holders can protect themselves contractually. Stock price is an observable real measure of stockholder wealth. 12 Owners (Shareholders) Agents (Top Management) Main Features ? Separation of Ownership Management ? Legal Person ? Limited Liability of shareholders ? Shareholders are distinct from the company Level-I Management Level-II Management Level-V Management 13 Agency Problem ? Shareholders appoint agents (Management) to conduct the business of the company. ? As agents, the management should take decisions to maximize shareholders ? Shareholders delegate decision-making authority to Management hoping that agents will act in shareholders best interests. ? However, in actual practice, the objectives of the management may differ from those of the shareholders. ? Managers may take decisions in their own interest rather than in the interest of the hareholders. ? This pro blem of management (agents) not acting in the interests of their principals (shareholders) is called the Agency Problem. 4 ? Divergence of ownership and control: Those who own the company (shareholders) do not manage it, but appoint agents (management) to run the company on their behalf. ? Difference in Objectives of Management Shareholders: Managers are likely to maximize their own wealth rather than the wealth of shareholders. ? Asymmetry of information: Management, as a consequence of running the company on a day-to-day basis, has access to nside information while shareholders receive annual reports which may themselves be manipulated by the management. 5 Resolving Agency Problem ? Jensen Meckling (1976) suggested methods to deal with agency problem which encourage goal congruence between shareholders managers. ? Monitor the actions of the Management: Audit of Financial statements by independent Auditors; Shadowing of Senior Managers; Employment of External Analysts. ? Incenti ves to Managers: Stock options; Bonus ; Perquisites Punishments ? Both methods involve costs- an inevitable result of the separation of ownership and ontrol of a company. ? Lower the control, lower chances of managers behaviour being consistent with the shareholders, higher the Agency costs. ? Agency costs-(a) when managers do not attempt to maximizes firm value , and (b) shareholders incur cost to monitor managers. Introduction to Corporate Finance 16 Financial System -An Overview Financial System : An Overview ? In any economy there are two types of economic units: Surplus Units, and Deficit Units. Investments are less than their Incomes. (C+l Y) ? Such units have negative savings and need to borrow funds. ? A system through which the savings of Surplus Units are transferred to Deficit Units is called the Financial System. Introduction to Corporate Finance 18 Provide Funds Receive Funds Suppliers of Funds Users ? Financial Markets ? Financial Institutions ? Financial Instruments Services Buy Securities Issue Securities 19 Financial System (Contd. ? Financial System consists of the following three components, which facilitate the ransfer of funds : Financial Markets surplus units to deficit units Centres that provide the facility of buying selling of financial claims Financial Institutions Organisations which channelise funds from Surplus Units to Deficit Units thereby act as mobilisers depositories of savings, and creators of credit. E. g. Commercial Banks, Insurance Cos. Mutual Funds, Developmental Financial Institutions, NBFCs Financial Instruments Claims of the lenders of funds over the funds lent to the borrowers. 20 Financial System Defined ? Financial system refers to a set of complex, interlinked markets, institutions, nstruments and services in the economy which facilitate the transfer and allocation of funds efficiently and effectively. 1 Classification of Financial Markets Maturity of Claim Seasoning of Claim Nature of Claim ? Money Market ? Capital Market ? Primary Market ? Secondary Market ? Debt Market ? Equity Market ? Spot Market Timing of Delivery Structure ? Forward/Futures Market ? Exchange Traded Market ? Over-the-counter Market Financial Markets Capital Money Markets Money Markets: Deal (trade) in debt securities of maturities of one year and less. Economic entities with excess funds for short durations lend (buy short-term instruments) to economic entities which face shortage of funds for short duration (sell short-term instruments). Money Market Instruments: Treasury Bills (T-Bills) Call/Notice Money Repurchase Agreements (Repos) Commercial Bills of Exchange Commercial Papers (CPs) Certificates of Deposit (CDs) No physical location, but an Over-the-counter (OTC) Market; trades are conducted via telephones, wire transfers, and Introductioncomputer trading. to Corporate Finance Capital Markets Deal in long-term securities (equity and debt) having maturities of more than one year.